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ESSENTIAL MATHEMATICS Student Guide

WEEK ONE: -----STUDENT ASSIGNMENTS------

The following assignments indicated below are DUE for THIS class session (Week 1).

Assignment: Due Class Session #1. Attempt each of the Self-Test questions on pages 74-75 (#1-30) prior to coming to the first class session (Week 1). DO NOT work the problems from each of the individual sections identified below – work only the Self-Test problems assigned on pages 74 and 75 (#1-30) for the first class session. These problems will be reviewed and discussed during the first class session.

Description and Content
1.1– 1.7 Chapter One: Arithmetic, Calculators, and Problem Solving

1.1 Math Anxiety
Mathematics Bill of Rights; Writing Mathematics

1.2 Formulating the Problem
Order of Operations; Mixed Operations; Translation and Classifying; Comparing Order ; Estimation

1.3 Fractions and Decimals
Division Notation; Division by Zero; Classifying Fractions; Writing an Improper Fraction as a Mixed Number; Writing a Mixed Number as an Improper Fraction; Changing Common and Mixed Fractions to Decimal Fractions

1.4 Rounding and Estimations

1.5 Exponents and Prime Factorization
Scientific Notation; Finding Factors; Prime factorization of a number

1.6 Common Fractions
Fundamental Property of Fractions; Procedure for Reducing Fractions; Multiplying Fractions; Finding Sale Price; Finding Reciprocals; Dividing Fractions; Changing terminating decimals to fractions

1.7 Adding and Subtracting Fractions
Fractions with Common Denominators; Finding Lowest Common Denominator; Extended Order of Operations; Fractions Without Common Denominators; Mixed Operations with Fractions; Using Juxtaposition for Multiplication

WEEK TWO: ------STUDENT ASSIGNMENTS------

The following assignments indicated below are DUE for THIS class session (Week 2).

Description and Content
Chapter One: Arithmetic and Problem Solving

Lesson 1.1 Math Anxiety, pages 4-10 (review only)
Historical Perspective; Math Anxiety Bill of Rights; Directing Focus; Hints for Success; Writing Mathematics; Journal Ideas.
  ->Review and Discussion only (no homework assigned)

Lesson 1.2 Formulating the Problem, pages 11-19
Order of Operations; Mixed Operations; Translation and Classifying; Comparing Order; Estimation.
Assignment: pages 18-19 #2-28 (even)

Lesson 1.3 Fractions and Decimals, pages 20-29
Division Notation; Division by Zero; Classifying Fractions; Writing an Improper Fraction as a Mixed Number; Writing a Mixed Number as an Improper Fraction; Changing Common and Mixed Fractions to Decimal Fractions
Assignment: pages 27-28 #3-39 (multiples of 3) [i.e., 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, etc.]

Lesson 1.5 Exponents and Prime Factorization, pages 34-42
Scientific Notation; Finding Factors; Prime factorization of a number
Assignment: pages 40-41 #5, 9-12, 17-18, 21-22, 25-26, and 31-32 (ALL)

Lesson 1.6 Common Fractions, pages 43-51
Fundamental Property of Fractions; Procedure for Reducing Fractions; Multiplying Fractions; Finding Sale Price; Finding Reciprocals; Dividing Fractions; Changing terminating decimals to fractions
Assignment: pages 50-51 #7-10, 24-27, 32-33, and 36-37 (ALL)

Lesson 1.7 Adding and Subtracting Fractions, pages 52-61
Fractions with Common Denominators; Finding Lowest Common Denominator; Extended Order of Operations; Fractions Without Common Denominators; Mixed Operations with Fractions; Using Juxtaposition for Multiplication
Assignment: pages 59-60 #3-21 (multiples of 3) [i.e., 3, 6, 9, 12, etc.]

WEEK THREE: -----STUDENT ASSIGNMENTS----

The following assignments indicated below are DUE for THIS class session (Week 3).

Description and Content
Chapter Two: Sets of Numbers

*Vocabulary Quiz #1 - Week 3: Arithmetic (see attached vocabulary terms)

Lesson 2.1 Symbol Shock, pages 84-90
Using variables; Variable expression ; Domain; Translating an English expression into a variable expression; Symbol descriptions; Evaluating expressions; Number puzzle.
Assignment: pages 89-90 #3-54 (multiples of 3) [i.e., 3, 6, 9, 12, etc.]

Lesson 2.2 Addition of Integers, pages 91-98
Signed numbers; Opposites; Integers; Number line; Order symbols; Comparing the sizes of numbers; Absolute value; Evaluating an absolute value; Procedure for adding integers; Adding integers.
Assignment: pages 96-97 #3-33 (multiples of 3) [i.e., 3, 6, 9, 12, etc.]

Lesson 2.3 Subtraction of Integers, pages 98-103
Procedure for subtracting integers; Subtraction by adding the opposite; Minus, Negative and opposite symbols; Correct use of the –x symbol; Evaluation of expression with negative numbers.
Assignment: pages 101-103 #5-55 (multiples of 5) [i.e., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, etc.]

Lesson 2.4 Multiplication of Integers, pages 103-108
Product of positive and negative numbers; Procedure for multiplying integers; Evaluating algebraic expressions with integers; Evaluating algebraic expressions dealing with opposites.
Assignment: pages 107-108 #5-60 (multiples of 5) [i.e., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, etc.]

Lesson 2.5 Division of Integers, pages 108-112
Procedure for dividing integers; Evaluating expressions with a fractional grouping bar; Average test score; Finding an average.
Assignment: pages 111-112 #3-60 (multiples of 3) [i.e., 3, 6, 9, 12, etc.]

“Arithmetic” Vocabulary Terms and Concepts

1.Natural numbers – the counting numbers (1, 2, 3 . . . .)
2.Whole numbers – the counting numbers beginning with and including zero (0, 1, 2, 3 ...)
3.Integers – positive and negative whole numbers and zero ( . . . -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 . . . )
4.Odd numbers – numbers not evenly divisible by 2 (1, 3, 5, 7 . . . )
5.Even numbers – numbers evenly divisible by 2 (0, 2, 4, 6 . . . )
6.Prime number – a number that can be evenly divided by only 1 and itself (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 . . . ). NOTE: 0 and 1 are neither prime nor composite
7.Composite number – number divisible by more that just 1 and itself (4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15 . . . ). NOTE: 0 and 1 are neither prime nor composite
8.Squares – the results when numbers are multiplied by themselves (3x3=9)
9.Cubes – the results when numbers are multiplied by themselves twice (3x3x3=27)
10.1 square foot – equals 144 square inches
11.1 square yard – equals 9 square feet
12.1 yard – equals 36 inches
13.1 mile – equals 5,280 feet
14.1 ton – equals 2,000 pounds
15.1 pint – equals 2 cups
16.1 quart – equals 2 pints
17.1 gallon – equals 4 quarts
18.1 bushel – equals 4 pecks
19.1 decade – equals 10 years
20.1 century – equals 100 years
21.1 kilometer (km) – equals 1,000 meters (m)
NOTE: one kilometer equals about 0.6 mile
22.1 meter (m) – equals 10 decimeters (dm) or 100 centimeters (cm) or 1000 millimeters NOTE: one meter equals a little more than a yard
23.1 liter (l) – equals 1,000 milliliters (ml)
NOTE: one liter equals slightly more than a quart
24.1 gram (g) – equals 1,000 milligrams (mg)
25.1 kilogram – equals 1,000 grams. NOTE: one kilogram equals about 2.2 pounds
26.numerator – the part of the fraction that is above the line
27.denominator – the part of the fraction that is below the line
28.common fraction – a fraction where the numerator is smaller than the denominator and equals less than one.
29.improper fraction – a fraction where the numerator is larger than the denominator and equals more than one.
30.mixed number – the name for a term that contains both a whole number and a fraction
31.lowest terms – when a fraction is reduced by dividing both the numerator and the denominator by the largest number that will divide evenly into both
32.lowest common denominator (LCD) – the smallest number that can be divided evenly by all the denominators in the problem
33.percentage change – you find this by dividing the amount of change by the starting point, and then multiple that answer by 100
34.mean – you find this average by adding up all the numbers of a given set and then dividing that sum by the total number of numbers
35.mode – the most frequently occurring number, score, or measure in a given set
36.median – you find this number by arranging the scores or numbers in order by size, and then finding the middle score or number
37.range – you get this number by subtracting the smallest term from the largest term in a group of scores or numbers

The following assignments indicated below are DUE for THIS class session (Week 4).

Description and Content – Chapter Three: The Nature of Algebra

Lesson 3.1 Polynomials, pages 134-140
Number Coefficient; Multiplication with Variables; Using the Addition Law of Exponents; Simplifying Variable Expressions; Classifying Polynomials by Terms and Degrees; Degree of a Term.
Assignment: page 138-139 #5-55 (multiples of 5) [i.e., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, etc.]

Lesson 3.2 Similar Terms, pages 140-143
Distributive Property ; Recognizing Similar Terms.
Assignment: pages 142-143 #5-45 (multiples of 5) [i.e., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, etc.]

Lesson 3.3 Simplification (Polynomials), pages 143-148
Using Distributive Property; Adding Polynomials; Subtracting Polynomials; Simplifying Polynomials (multiplication and addition); Simplifying Polynomials (multiplication and subtraction); Multiplying Binomials .
Assignment: pages 147-148 #5-60 (multiples of 5)

Lesson 3.4 Equations, pages 148-1585(review only)
Addition Properties of Equations; Subtraction Property of Equations; Multiplying Reciprocals; Multiplication Property of Equations; Division Property of Equations.
  ->Review and Discussion only (no homework assigned)

Lesson 3.5 Solving Equations, pages 155-160
Basic Properties of Solving Equations; Procedure for Solving Equations.
Assignment: pages 158-160 #5-40 (multiples of 5)

Lesson 3.6 Problem Solving with Algebra, pages 161-169
Solving a Literal Equation; Number Problems; Procedures for Problem Solving; Consecutive Integer Problems; Mileage Problems (MPG); Price Comparison Problems
Assignment: page 167-168 #12-36 (multiples of 3) and 37-41 (ALL)

Mid-Term Exam (Chapters 1-3)
A mid-term exam will be given during the fourth class session. The midterm exam will cover material from chapters 1-3.

WEEK FIVE: -----STUDENT ASSIGNMENTS------

The following assignments indicated below are DUE for THIS class session (Week 5).

Description and Content
Chapter Four: Percents and Problem Solving

*Vocabulary Quiz #2 - Week 5: Algebra (see attached vocabulary terms)

Lesson 4.1 Ratio and Proportion , pages 184-188
Writing a ratio in lowest terms; Notation of proportions; Finding ratios that form a proportion.
Assignment: pages 187-188 #5-45 (multiples of 5) [i.e., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, etc.]

Lesson 4.2 Problem Solving with Proportions, pages 188-193
Finding a missing term of a proportion; Procedure for solving proportions; Problem solving using proportions.
Assignment: pages 192-193 #3-51 (multiples of 3) [i.e., 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, etc.]

Lesson 4.3 Percent, pages, 193-199
Meaning of percent; Writing percents as fractions; Writing percents as decimals; Changing fractions to percents; Changing from decimal forms to percents and fractions.
Assignment: pages 197-198 #5-50 (multiples of 5)

Lesson 4.4 Problem Solving with Percents, pages 199-206
Estimating percentages; Estimating percents using multiples; Identifying the parts of a percent problem; Problem solving with percents.
Assignment: pages 205-206 #5-50 (multiples of 5)

“Algebra” Vocabulary Terms and Concepts

1.Commutative Property for Addition – the order of terms does not make any difference when adding simple terms (a + b = b + a)

2.Associative Property for Addition – the grouping of terms does not make any difference when adding simple terms [(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)]

3.Identity Property for Addition – any number added to 0 gives the original number (a + 0 = a)

4.Additive Inverse– the opposite (or negative) of a number (a, -a; or 5, -5)

5.Additive Inverse Property – any number plus its opposite (negative) equals 0 (a + -a = 0)

6.Commutative Property for Multiplication – the order of terms does not make any difference when multiplying simple terms (a x b = b x a)

7.Associative Property for Multiplication – the grouping of terms does not make any difference when multiplying simple terms [(a x b) x c = a x (b x c)]

8.Identity Property for Multiplication – any number multiplied by 1 gives the original number (a x 1 = a)

9.Multiplicative Inverse – the reciprocal of a number (a, 1/a; or 2, ½)

10.Multiplicative Inverse Property – any number multiplied by its reciprocal
equals 1 (a x 1/a = 1; or 2 x ½ = 1)

11.Distributive Property – the process of multiplying the number on the outside of a parentheses to each term on the inside, and then adding those terms together
a(b + c) = a(b) + a(c)

12.equation – a relationship between numbers and/or symbols in which both sides of the relationship are equal to each other

13.literal equations – a relationship that only contains symbols (letters), but not numbers (ST + R = Z)

14.equivalent equations – two or more relationships that have the same solution for the same replacement set

15.open sentence – an equation that contains at least one variable

16.solution set – the set of numbers in an open sentence that makes the sentences true

17.numerical expression – does not contain a variable and contains at least one of the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division

18.proportions – written as two fractions (or ratios) equal to each other

19.variable – a letter representing one or more numbers

20.scientific notation – when a number is represented as the product of some power of 10 and a number from 1 to 10

21.term – a real number, a variable, or the product of real numbers and variables

22.monomial – an algebraic expression that consist of only one term (5; 3x; 2xyz^4)

23.binominal – an algebraic expression that consist of two terms separated by an addition or subtraction operation (5x + 7y)

24. trinomial – an algebraic expression that consist of three terms separated by addition or subtraction operations (5x + 7y – 2)

25.polynomial – a monomial or the sum of monomials (include monomials, binomials, trinomials, etc.)

26.factor – means to find two or more quantities whose product equals the original quantity (factors of the number 6 are 3 and 2, or 6 and 1)

27.function – a relation for which no two ordered pairs have the same first element

28.quadratic equation – an equation that can be written in the form ax^2 + bx + c = 0 (where a, b, and c are real numbers and a does not equal 0)

29.exponent – indicates how many times a number is used as a factor (in 23, the 3 indicates that the 2 is used 3 times as a factor: 2 x 2 x 2 = 8)

30.incomplete quadratic – a quadratic with a missing term

31.inequality – a mathematical statement in which the relationships are not equal (such as <, ≠ or >)

32.system of equations – two or more equations with the same two variables

33.consistent system – a system of equations that has a solution set

WEEK SIX: -----STUDENT ASSIGNMENTS------

The following assignments indicated below are DUE for THIS class session (Week 6).

Description and Content
Chapter Five: Introduction to Geometry
Chapter Seven: Introduction to Business Math (Applications of Percent)

*Vocabulary Quiz #3 - Week 6: Geometry (see attached vocabulary terms)

Lesson 5.3 Triangles, pages 234-240
Six parts of a triangle; Finding corresponding parts of a given triangle; Sum of the measures of the angles in a triangle; Finding a missing angle of a triangle; Using algebra to find the angles of a triangle; Finding an exterior angle.
Assignment: pages 238-240 #3-6 (ALL), 11-22 (ALL), 29-34 (ALL), and 43-50 (ALL)

Lesson 5.4 Similar Triangles, 241-250
Corresponding parts of similar triangles; Finding lengths of sides of similar triangles; Problem solving with similar triangles; Sides of a right triangle; Problem solving using the Pythagorean theorem; Finding sides of a triangle using trigonometric ratios ; Finding trigonometric ratios; Problem solving with trigonometric ratios.
Assignment: pages 247-249 #3-15 (multiples of 3) and 24-42 (multiples of 3)

Lesson 7.1 Discount, Sale Price, and Sales Tax, 334-340
Discount; Percent markdown; Amount of discount with a percent markdown; Amount of discount with a fractional markdown; Sale Price; Finding complements; Finding sale price using complement; Finding original price; Finding the percent markdown; Finding sales tax; Finding price including sales tax.
Assignment: pages 338-340 #5-55 (multiples of 5) [i.e., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, etc.]

Lesson 7.2 Simple Interest, 341-348
Simple interest formula; Amount of simple interest; Finding interest paid on a savings deposit; Problem solving with the simple interest formula; Future value; Amount of interest with known monthly payments; Interest for part of year; Problem solving with part of year; Determining necessary retirement sum; Simple interest formula for part of year; Finding future value of savings accounts.
Assignment: pages 346-348 #5-60 (multiples of 5) [i.e., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, etc.]

“Geometry” Vocabulary Terms and Concepts

1.plane geometry – the study of shapes and figures in two dimensions (the plane)
2.solid geometry – the study of shapes and figures in three dimensions
3.point – the most fundamental idea in geometry; it is represented by a dot and named by a capital letter.
4.line – consists of an infinite number of points and continues in both directions forever.
5.line segment – any two distinct points on a line and all the points between them; it is named by its two endpoints.
6.ray – has only one endpoint and continues forever in one direction
7.angle – is formed by two rays that start from the same point
8.vertex – the endpoint where the two rays of an angle start
9.adjacent angles – two angles that share a common side and a common vertex
10.right angle – an angle that has a measure of 90º
11.acute angle – an angle whose measure is less than 90º
12.obtuse angle – an angle whose measure is larger than 90º but smaller than 180º
13.straight angle – an angle whose measure is 180º
14.complementary angles – two angles whose sum is 90º
15.supplementary angles – two angles whose sum is 180º
16.angle bisector – a ray from the vertex of an angle that divides the angle into two equal pieces
17.vertical angles – the angles opposite each other when two straight lines intersect; these opposite angles are always equal to each other.
18.intersecting lines – two or more lines that cross each other at the same point
19.perpendicular lines – two lines that meet to form right angles with each other
20.parallel lines – two or more lines that remain the same distance apart at all times
21.polygons – closed shapes or figures with three or more sides
22.triangle – a three-sided polygon
23.equilateral triangle – a triangle having all three sides and all three angles equal
24.isosceles triangle – a triangle having two sides equal in length
25.scalene triangle – a triangle having none of its sides equal in length
26.right triangle – a triangle having a right angle in its interior
27.hypotenuse – the side opposite the right angle and largest side of a triangle
28.Pythagorean theorem – states that in any right triangle, the sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs is equal to the square of the length of the hypotenuse.
29.quadrilateral – any polygon having four sides
30.rectangle – a quadrilateral that has four right angles and opposite sides that are equal
31.rhombus – a parallelogram that has four equal sides and no right angles
32.trapezoid – a quadrilateral that has only one pair of parallel sides
33.pentagon – a five-sided polygon
34.hexagon – a six-sided polygon
35.nonagon – a nine-sided polygon
36.decagon – a ten-sided polygon
37.regular polygon – means that all sides have the same length and all the angles have the same measure
38.perimeter – the total distance all the way around the outside of any polygon
39.area – the amount of space inside a polygon
40.area of a triangle – one half base times height (A = ½ bh)
41.area of a rectangle – length times width (A = lw)
42.area of a parallelogram – base times height
43.radius– the distance from the center to any point on a circle
44.diameter – the distance across a circle, through its center
45.chord – a line segment whose end points both lie on a circle itself
46.arc – the distance between any two points on a circle itself
47.circumference – the distance around a circle (2π r)
48.area of a circle – pi times radius squared (A = π r^2 )
49.prism – a three-dimensional shape having many sides, but only two bases
50.volume of a rectangular solid – length times width times height ( = lwh)
51.coordinate graph – formed by two perpendicular number lines
52.abscissa – the horizontal axis (x-axis) of a coordinate plane
53.ordinate – the vertical axis (y-axis) of a coordinate plane
54.origin – the point at which the two axis intersect on a coordinate plane
55.quadrants – the four segments into which a coordinate graph is divided

WEEK SEVEN: -----STUDENT ASSIGNMENTS----

The following assignments indicated below are DUE for THIS class session (Week 7).

Description and Content
Chapter Ten: Introduction to Statistics
Chapter Eleven: Graphs

Lesson 10.1 Frequency Distribution and Graphs, pages 496-507
Frequency distribution; Statistics; Intervals; Making a frequency distribution; Grouping; Bar graphs (histograms; constructing and reading); Line graphs ( drawing , constructing, and reading); Circle graphs (pie charts, constructing); Pictographs; Misuses of graphs.
Assignment: pages 503-505 #7-9, 14-16, 19-25, and 32-42 (ALL)

Lesson 10.2 Measures of Central Tendency, pages 507-513
Averages (measures) of central tendency; Mean; Median; Mode; Finding central tendency; Bimodal; Fulcrum and plank model for mean; Measures of central tendency from a frequency distribution.
Assignment: pages 511-512 #3-15 (multiples of 3), 16-21 (all), 34-41 (all)

Lesson 11.1 Cartesian Coordinate System, pages 544-551
Using ordered pairs on a map; First component; Second component; Cartesian coordinate system; Origin; Axes; Quadrants; Rectangular or Cartesian coordinates; Plotting points .
Assignment: pages 549-550 #1-4 (ALL) and 15-42 (multiples of 3)

Lesson 11.3 Lines, pages 557-563
Solving equations with two variables ; Finding a solution for a given equation; Graphing a line; Finding ordered pairs satisfying an equation; Procedure for graphing a line; Graphing a line given in standard form; Graphing horizontal and vertical lines.
Assignment: pages 562 #3-45 (multiples of 3)and 48-49

FINAL EXAM REVIEW PRACTICE (Suggested: not required):
•Chapter 4 Self Test, page 207-208 and Chapter Review, page 210-211
•Chapter 5 Self Test, page 252-255, # 15-25 (ALL)
•Chapter 7 Self Test, page 383-384, #1-6 (ALL)
•Chapter 10 Self Test, page 533-534, 1-8 (ALL)
•Chapter 11 Self Test, page 579, #1-2 and 6-7 (ALL)

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